Is overtourism the enemy to host communities? The influence of geodemographic traits of residents on their perceptions towards tourism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59072/rper.vi64.269Keywords:
Gentrification, Residents’ perceptions, Tourism destinations, Geodemographic traits, Overtourism.Abstract
Gentrification is among the most common negative consequences that a fast and uncontrolled tourism growth originates. This study analyzes the influence of residents' geodemographic traits on their perceptions of tourism in Lisbon. Hence, three studies were conducted: (i) an exploratory study analyzed of the psychometric properties of the instrument used for data collection; (ii) a confirmatory study validated the results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis; (iii) analysis of how the perceptions of residents towards tourism is influenced by the concentration of local accommodation businesses and the length of residence in each parish. Results suggest that despite the growing tourist pressure, participants have an overall positive opinion towards tourism, considering it a catalyzer of community development and of the quality of life of their parishes, due to its positive economic impacts.
References
Abdollahzadeh, Gholamhosssein, & Sharifzadeh, A. (2014). Rural residents' perceptions toward tourism development: A study from Iran. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1906
Albalate, D., & Bel, G. (2010). Tourism and urban public transport: Holding demand pressure under supply constraints. Tourism Management, 31(3), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.04.011
Allen, L., Hafer, H., Long, P., & Perdue, R. (1993). Rural residents’ attitudes toward recreation and tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100405
Almeida-García, F., Cortés-Macías, R., & Parzych, K. (2021). Tourism impacts, tourism-phobia and gentrification in historic centers: The cases of Málaga (Spain) and Gdansk (Poland). Sustainability, 13(1), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010408
Almeida-García, F., Peláez-Fernández, M., Balbuena-Vázquez, A., & Cortés-Macias, R. (2016). Residents' perceptions of tourism development in Benalmádena (Spain). Tourism Management, 54, 259-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.007
Amore, A., de Bernardi, C., & Arvanitis, P. (2020). The impacts of Airbnb in Athens, Lisbon and Milan: a rent gap theory perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 23, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1742674
Andereck, K., & Nyaupane, G. (2011). Exploring the nature of tourism and quality of life perceptions among residents. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 248-260. http://dx.doi. org/ 10.1177/0047287510362918
Andereck, K., & Vogt, C. (2000). The relationship between residents' attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003900104
Andriotis, K., & Vaughan, R. (2003). Urban residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: The case of Crete. Journal of Travel Research, 42(2), 172-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287503257488
Araújo, J. (2017). Aspectos Jurídicos dos Desenvolvimentos Recentes no Mercado Imobiliário em Portugal [Legal Aspects of Recent Developments in the Real Estate Market in Portugal, Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Universidade Católica Portuguesa.
Arbogast, D., Deng, J., & Maumbe, K. (2017). DMOs and rural tourism: A stakeholder analysis the case of Tucker County, West Virginia. Sustainability, 9(10), 1813-1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101813
Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Bimonte, S., & Punzo, L. (2016). Tourist development and host-guest interaction: An economic exchange theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 58, 128-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.03.004
Brida, J., Osti, L., & Barquet, A. (2010). Segmenting resident perceptions towards tourism: A cluster analysis with a multinomial logit model of a mountain community. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(5), 591-602. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.778
Carte, L., McWatters, M., Daley, E., & Torres, R. (2010). Experiencing agricultural failure: Internal migration, tourism and local perceptions of regional change in the Yucatan. Geoforum, 41(5), 700-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.03.002
Chen, C., & Chen, P. (2010). Resident attitudes toward heritage tourism development. Tourism Geographies, 12(4), 525-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688. 2010.516398
Chen, S. (2011). Residents’ perceptions of the impact of major annual tourism events in Macao: Cluster analysis. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 12(2), 106-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2011.569877
Choi, H., & Murray, I. (2010). Resident attitudes toward sustainable community tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(4), 575-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09669580903524852
Cocola-Gant A, & Gago A. (2019). Airbnb, buyto-let investment and tourism-driven displacement. A case study in Lisbon. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 51, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19869012
Cocola-Gant, A., & Lopez-Gay, A. (2020). Transnational gentrification, tourism and the formation of ‘foreign only’enclaves in Barcelona. Urban Studies, 57(15), 3025-3043. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020916111
Cordeiro, I. (2018). Lugares Turísticos, Cidades Turísticas: Fenómenos de Transformação Urbana [Tourist Places, Tourist Cities: Phenomena of Urban Transformation, Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.
Costa, C. (2020). Tourism planning: A perspective paper. Tourism Review, 75(1), 198-202. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2019-0394
Diário da República nº 237 - I Série (1986). Lei nº 46/86, de outubro de 14 de outubro [Law No. 46/86, of 14th October]. Assembleia da República.
Diário da República nº 48/2008 - Série I (2008). Decreto-Lei n.º 39/2008, de 7 de março [Decree-Law No. 39/2008, of 7th March]. Ministério da Economia e da Inovação.
Dirksmeier, P., & Helbrecht, I. (2015). Resident perceptions of new urban tourism: A neglected geography of prejudice. Geography Compass, 9(5), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12201
Dyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharma, B., & Carter, J. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Tourism Management, 28(2), 409-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2 006.04.002
Eshliki, S., & Kaboudi, M. (2012). Community perception of tourism impacts and their participation in tourism planning: a case study of Ramsar, Iran. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36, 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.037
Garau-Vadell, J., Gutierrez-Taño, D., & Diaz-Armas, R. (2018). Economic crisis and residents’ perception of the impacts of tourism in mass tourism destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 7, 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.08.008
García-Hernández, M., Calle-Vaquero, D., & Yubero, C. (2017). Cultural heritage and urban tourism: Historic city centres under pressure. Sustainability, 9(8), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081346
Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L., & Galí, N. (2018). Overtourism: Residents' perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity-case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3), 277-296. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0138
Gu, M., & Wong, P. (2006). Residents’ perception of tourism impacts: A case study of homestay operators in Dachangshan Dao, North-East China. Tourism Geographies, 8(3), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680600765222
Guiry, M., & Vequist, D. (2015). South Korea's medical tourism destination brand personality and the influence of personal values. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(5), 563-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.904804
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2018). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hall, C., & Mood, K. (2021). Demarketing Tourism for Sustainability: Degrowing Tourism or Moving the Deckchairs on the Titanic? Sustainability, 13(3), 1585-1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031585
Hoyle, R., & Panter, A. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 158-176). Sage Publications
Hunt, C., & Stronza, A. (2014). Stage-based tourism models and resident attitudes towards tourism in an emerging destination in the developing world. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(2), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.815761
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE, 2011). Classificação Portuguesa das Profissões 2010 [Classification of Portuguese Professions 2010]. INE.
Jordan, E., & Vogt, C. (2017). Residents’ perceptions of stress related to cruise tourism development. Tourism Planning & Development, 14(4), 527-547. https://doi.org/10. 1080/21568316.2017.1287123
Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL-8: Structural Equation modeling with SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International.
Jornal de Negócios (2018). Lisboa: Quais são as freguesias mais pressionadas pelo alojamento local? [Lisbon: Which neighborhoods are the most pressured by local accommodation?]. https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/multimedia/infografias/ detalhe/ lisboa-quais-sao-as-freguesias-mais-pressionadas-pelo-alojamento-local
Jover, J., & Díaz-Parra, I. (2020). Gentrification, transnational gentrification and touristification in Seville, Spain. Urban Studies, 57(15), 3044-3059. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019857585
Khan, A., Bibi, S., Lorenzo, A., Lyu, J., & Babar, Z. U. (2020). Tourism and development in developing economies: A policy implication perspective. Sustainability, 12(4), 1618-1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041618
Kim, K., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. (2013). How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents? Tourism Management, 36, 527-540. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.tourman.2012.09.005
Klem, L. (2000). Structural Equation Modeling. In L. Grimm, & Yarnold P. (Ed.), Structural Equation Modeling in Reading and Understanding More Multivariate Statistics (pp. 227-260). APA.
Koens, K., Postma, A., & Papp, B. (2018). Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su10124384
Kruczek, Z. (2018). Tourists vs. Residents: The influence of excessive tourist attendance on the process of gentrification of historic cities on the example of Kraków. Turystyka Kulturowa, 3, 29-41.
Kuščer, K., & Mihalič, T. (2019). Residents’ attitudes towards overtourism from the perspective of tourism impacts and cooperation—The case of Ljubljana. Sustainability, 11(6), 1823. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061823
Kuvan, Y., & Akan, P. (2012). Conflict and agreement in stakeholder attitudes: Residents’ and hotel managers’ views of tourism impacts and forest-related tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(4), 571-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.617824
Lankford, S., & Howard, D. (1994). Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(1), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90008-6
Lee, T. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management, 34, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman. 2012.03.007
Lee, T., & Jan, F. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70, 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
Liang, Z., & Bao, J. (2015). Tourism gentrification in Shenzhen, China: Causes and socio-spatial consequences. Tourism Geographies, 17(3), 461-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.1000954
Liao, X., So, S., & Lam, D. (2016). Residents’ perceptions of the role of leisure satisfaction and quality of life in overall tourism development: Case of a fast-growing tourism destination - Macao. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(10), 1100-1113. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10941665.2015.1107111
Lundberg, E. (2015). The level of tourism development and resident attitudes: A comparative case study of coastal destinations. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(3), 266-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1005335
Marôco, J. (2014). Análise Estatística com o SPSS Statistics [Statistical Analysis with SPSS Statistics]. Report Number.
Marôco, J. (2021). Análise de Equações Estruturais: Fundamentos Teóricos, Software & Aplicações [Analysis of Structural Equations: Theoretical Foundations, Software & Applications]. Report Number.
McCool, S., & Martin, S. (1994). Community attachment and attitudes toward tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 32(3), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403200305
Medina, L. (2003). Commoditizing culture: Tourism and Maya identity. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(2), 353-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00099-3
Mendes, L. (2018a). Tourism gentrification in Lisbon: The panacea of touristification as a scenario of a post-capitalist crisis. In I. David (Ed.), Crisis, Austerity and Transformation: How Disciplinary Neoliberalism is Changing Portugal (pp. 25-48). Lexington.
Mendes, L. (2018b). A turistificação das cidades e a gentrificação: O jogo de papéis como proposta didática. Apogeo, 51/52, 109-120.
Mendes, L. (2020). Da gentrificação turística em Lisboa. In R. Cury, & F. Marrtins (Org.), Interconexões: Saberes e Práticas da Geografia (vol. 2, pp. 173-185). Atena Editora.
Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Cheer, J. (2019). Overtourism and degrowth: A social movements perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1857-1875. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1650054
Miller, F. (2008). Using a GIS in market analysis for a tourism‐dependent retailer in the Pocono mountains. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(3-4), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802508416
Muler Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L., & Galí, N. (2018). Overtourism: Residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity - case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3), 277-296. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0138
Newing, A., Clarke, G., & Clarke, M. (2014). Exploring small area demand for grocery retailers in tourist areas. Tourism Economics, 20(2), 407-427. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0277
Nunkoo, R., & Gursoy, D. (2012). Residents’ support for tourism: An identity perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 243-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.
Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2011). Residents’ satisfaction with community attributes and support for tourism. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 35(2), 171-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010384600
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2020). Tourism Policy Responses to the Coronavirus (COVID-19). https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=124_124984-7uf8nm95se&title=Covid-19_Tourism_Policy_Resp ponses
Pasquinelli, C., & Trunfio, M. (2020). Reframing urban overtourism through the Smart-City Lens. Cities, 102, 102729. https://doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102729
Pereira, H., & Teixeira, N. (2017). O impacto económico do Alojamento Local na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa 2016-2020 [The economic impact of Local Accommodation in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area 2016-2020]. AHRESP.
Postma, A., & Schmuecker, D. (2017). Understanding and overcoming negative impacts of tourism in city destinations: conceptual model and strategic framework. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(2), 144-156. https://doi.org/0.1108/JTF-04-2017-0022
Potter, C., & Labbé, D. (2021). Gentrification or . . . ? Injustice in large-scale residential projects in Hanoi. Urban Studies, 58(12), 2456-2472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020949035
Rasoolimanesh, S., Ringle, C., Jaafar, M., & Ramayah, T. (2017). Urban vs. rural destinations: Residents’ perceptions, community participation and support for tourism development. Tourism Management, 60, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman. 2016.11.019
Sarantakou, E., & Terkenli, T. S. (2019). Non-institutionalized forms of tourism accommodation and overtourism impacts on the landscape: The case of Santorini, Greece. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 411-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1569122
Séraphin, H., Platania, M., Spencer, P., & Modica, G. (2018). Events and tourism development within a local community: The case of winchester (UK). Sustainability, 10(10), 3728-3751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103728
Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International journal of applied research, 3(7), 749-752.
Sharpley, R. (2014). Host perceptions of tourism: A review of the research. Tourism Management, 42, 37-49. https://doi.org/1010.1016/j.tourman.2013.10.007
Silva, L. (2014). The two opposing impacts of heritage making on local communities: Residents’ perceptions: A Portuguese case. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 20(6), 616-633. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2013.828650
Sinclair-Maragh, G. (2017). Demographic analysis of residents' support for tourism development in Jamaica. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(1), 5-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.03.005
Sinclair-Maragh, G., Gursoy, D., & Vieregge, M. (2015). Residents׳ perceptions toward tourism development: A factor-cluster approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jdmm.2014.10.001
Souza, A., Alexandre, N., & Guirardello, E. (2017). Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 26(3), 649-659. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742017000300022
Steiger, J. (2000). Point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation using the RMSEA: some comments and a reply to Hayduck and Glaser. Structural Equation Modeling, 7(2), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0702
Stronza, A., & Gordillo, J. (2008). Community views of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 448-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002
Stylidis, D., Shani, A., & Belhassen, Y. (2017). Testing an integrated destination image model across residents and tourists. Tourism Management, 58, 184-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tourman.2016.10.014
Szromek, A., Kruczek, Z., & Walas, B. (2020). The attitude of tourist destination residents towards the effects of overtourism: Kraków case study. Sustainability, 12(1), 228-245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010228
Tichaawa, T., & Makoni, L. (2018). Sociodemographic influences on residents' perceptions of tourism development in Zimbabwe. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 22(2), 432-446. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.22213-300
Tilaki, M., Hedayati-Marzbali, M., Abdullah, A., & Mohsenzadeh, M. (2017). Towards tourism development: Bridging the gap between tourists' expectations and satisfaction. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 19(1), 104-114.
Turismo de Portugal (2017). Estratégia Turismo 2027 [Tourism Strategy 2027]. Turismo de Portugal.
UNWTO (2019). Overtourism’? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions Volume 2: Case Studies | Executive Summary. UNWTO.
Var, T., & Gunn, C. (2020). Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases. Routledge.
Volgger, M., & Pechlaner, H. (2014). Requirements for destination management organizations in destination governance: Understanding DMO success. Tourism Management, 41, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.09.001
Wiltshier, P. (2019). Health and welfare at the boundaries: community development through tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures, 6(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-05-2018-0021.
Woo, E., Kim, H., & Uysal, M. (2015). Life satisfaction and support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 84-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals. 2014.11.001
World Travel & Tourism Council (2018). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact. World Travel & Tourism Council.
Xu, S., Barbieri, C., Anderson, D., Leung, Y., & Rozier-Rich, S. (2016). Residents' perceptions of wine tourism development. Tourism Management, 55, 276-286. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.016
Yu, C., Cole, S., & Chancellor, C. (2018). Resident Support for Tourism Development in Rural Midwestern (USA) Communities: Perceived Tourism Impacts and Community Quality of Life Perspective. Sustainability, 10(3), 802-819. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030802
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 RPER
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
RPER is the official journal of the 