Descentralização Fiscal e Desigualdades Regionais: Evidência do Sul da Europa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59072/rper.vi74.782Palavras-chave:
Descentralização fiscal; Disparidades regionais; Governo subnacional; Coesão territorial; Sul da EuropaResumo
Este artigo estuda a relação entre a descentralização fiscal e as disparidades económicas regionais no Sul da Europa, com enfoque em Portugal, Espanha e Itália, no período 2000–2022. Recorrendo a dados em painel ao nível NUTS-2, a análise empírica combina modelos de efeitos fixos com estimativas dinâmicas (System GMM), procurando aferir se o reforço da autonomia fiscal subnacional favorece a convergência territorial ou, pelo contrário, se associa ao agravamento das desigualdades espaciais. Os resultados mostram que a descentralização da despesa se relaciona com uma redução das disparidades regionais, desde que exista capacidade institucional adequada e sistemas de transferências intergovernamentais eficazes. Em sentido distinto, a descentralização da receita não evidencia, de forma robusta, efeitos de convergência e pode, em contextos de menor capacidade institucional, estar associada ao aumento das disparidades. Conclui-se que a descentralização fiscal não constitui, por si só, uma solução para a desigualdade regional, dependendo a sua eficácia da qualidade da governação, do desenho dos mecanismos de equalização fiscal e da coordenação entre níveis de decisão, incluindo a política de coesão da União Europeia.
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